SUMMARY
Modal Auxiliaries (Section 1)
- Ability
(Can, Could)
Ex: I can cook.
I could play the piano, when I was young.
- Possibility
(May, Might)
Ex: It might rain tomorrow.
- Asking for
Permission (May I...., Can I....)
Ex: May I borrow
your book?
- Request
(Can you, Will you, Could you, Would you)
Ex: Can you take
the book?
- Sugestion
(Should, Had better)
Ex: You should
work harder.
- Necessity
(Must, Have to)
Ex: You must see
the doctor tomorrow.
- Unnecessity
(Don’t have to)
Ex: You don’t
have to buy a new shoes
- Prohibition
(Must not)
Ex: You must not
smoke in this school.
- Conclusion
(Must)
Ex: She has
cleaned all of the plates, she must be tired.
Question Tag (Section 2)
- Affirmative
--------------- Negative
Example:
a.
You
know Bob, don’t you? Yes, I do.
b.
Marie
is from US, isn’t she? Yes, She is
- Negative --------------- Affirmative
Examples:
a.
Tom
and Jerry can’t speak arabic, can they? No. They can’t
b.
Nadia
didn’t come to class, did she? No, she didn’t
Articles ( Section 3)
How
to use A, An, The, and Some
- A
-
One/Singular
-
Before
Consonant
-
General
-
Count
noun
Ex: A banana is
yellow
- An
-
One/Singular
-
Before
vowel
-
General
-
Count
noun
Ex: The lion is
an animal
- The
-
Specific
-
Before
consonant/vocal
-
Count/Uncount
noun
Ex: Please give
me a book.
- Some
-
Not
Specific
-
Plural
count noun. Ex: I saw some cats in my yard
-
Noncount
Noun. Ex: I buy some fruit.
Passive Voice (Section 4)
- Simple
Present
A = S + V1 + O
Ex: The student
discuss the problem every morning
P = O + be + V3
+ S
Ex: The problem
is discussed by the students every morning.
- Present
Continuous
A = S + be + Ving
+ O
Ex: The students
are discussing the problem now
P = O + be +
being + V3 + O
Ex: The probles
is being discussed by the students now
- Simple Past
A = S + V2
+ O
Ex: The students
discussed the problem yesterday
P= O + be + V3
+ S
Ex: The problem
was discussed by the students yesterday
- Past
Continuous
A = S + be + Ving
+ O
Ex: The students
were discussing the problem yesterday
P = O + be+ being
+ V3 + O
Ex: The problem
was being discussed by the students yesterday.
- Future
Tense
A = S + Will + O
Ex: The students
will discuss the proble tomorrow
P = O + Will +
be + S
Ex: The problem
will be discussed by the students tomorrow
Direct Speech and Indirect Speech (Section 5)
- Direct
Speech
-
He
said “ I work hard”
-
He
said “I am working hard”
- Indirect
Speech
-
He
said (that) He worked hard.
-
He
said (that) He was working hard.
No Change
-
He
says “ I work hard” ---------- He says (that) He works hard.
-
He
said “I should work hard” ----------- He said (that) he should work hard
